BSA Section 54: Proof of facts by oral evidence (formerly IEA 59)
Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 · in force from 1 July 2024
BSA 54: Proof of facts by oral evidence
From 1 July 2024
All facts, except the contents of documents may be proved by oral evidence.
What it replaced in the Evidence Act
BSA 54 ← IEA 59 · Proof of facts by oral evidenceChanged
BPR&D's comparison records a change. Read what changed before relying on the old wording.
What changed, per BPR&D: Words "or electronic records" are excluded.
Printed in both official correspondence tables (BPR&D and NCRB).
All facts, except the [contents of documents or electronic records], may be proved by oral evidence.
Which one applies
Under section 170(2) of the BSA, an application, trial, inquiry, investigation, proceeding or appeal already pending on 1 July 2024 is dealt with under the Evidence Act; one begun on or after that date, under the BSA.
Read BSA section 170 →Judgments decided under IEA 59
They remain the law on IEA 59. Where the provision changed in the move, read what changed before relying on one for an offence after 1 July 2024.
Sources
- Correspondence Table and Comparison Summary of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 to the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, Bureau of Police Research & Development, Ministry of Home Affairs, page 5.
- Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023: bare Act with Corresponding Section Table, National Crime Records Bureau (Sankalan), page 15.
- The Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (Act 1 of 1872), as amended, India Code, Legislative Department, Ministry of Law and Justice.
BPR&D is the Bureau of Police Research & Development (Ministry of Home Affairs); NCRB the National Crime Records Bureau. Their correspondence tables are training aids, not law. This page is general information, not legal advice on any case; the bare Acts as published by the Government of India are the authority.